A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of vehicle that combines an internal combustion engine (ICE) with an electric motor and battery pack. The two power sources work together to drive the wheels of the car, with the electric motor providing extra power to the ICE when needed. In some HEVs, the car can run solely on electric power for short distances, which helps to reduce emissions and fuel consumption. The battery pack is recharged through regenerative braking and the ICE. HEVs are more fuel-efficient than traditional ICE vehicles, which can save drivers money on fuel costs and reduce their environmental impact.
Benefits of Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Fuel efficiency
Hybrid electric vehicles are more fuel-efficient than their conventional counterparts. They utilize both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, which leads to improved fuel economy and reduced emissions.
Reduced emissions
Hybrid electric vehicles produce fewer emissions than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, which can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality.
Regenerative braking
Hybrid electric vehicles use regenerative braking to recharge the batteries when the vehicle slows down or brakes. This helps to reduce the energy required to charge the battery and further improves fuel efficiency.
Tax incentives
Many governments around the world offer tax incentives for those who purchase hybrid electric vehicles as a way to encourage the use of these vehicles and reduce emissions.
Lower maintenance costs
Electric motors have fewer moving parts than conventional engines, which means that hybrid electric vehicles require less maintenance and have lower overall maintenance costs.
Increased resale value
Hybrid electric vehicles tend to hold their value well, partly due to their reputation for being more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles.
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With the continuous development of the electric vehicle market, more and more consumers are
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Key Components of a Hybrid Electric Car
Battery (auxiliary)
In an electric drive vehicle, the low-voltage auxiliary battery provides electricity to start the car before the traction battery is engaged; it also powers vehicle accessories.
DC/DC converter
This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
Electric generator
Generates electricity from the rotating wheels while braking, transferring that energy back to the traction battery pack. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
Electric traction motor
Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
Exhaust system
The exhaust system channels the exhaust gases from the engine out through the tailpipe. A three-way catalyst is designed to reduce engine-out emissions within the exhaust system.
Fuel filler
A nozzle from a fuel dispenser attaches to the receptacle on the vehicle to fill the tank.
Fuel tank (gasoline)
This tank stores gasoline on board the vehicle until it's needed by the engine.
Internal combustion engine (spark-ignited)
In this configuration, fuel is injected into either the intake manifold or the combustion chamber, where it is combined with air, and the air/fuel mixture is ignited by the spark from a spark plug.
Power electronics controller
This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque it produces.
Thermal system (cooling)
This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other components.
Traction battery pack
Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.
Transmission
The transmission transfers mechanical power from the engine and/or electric traction motor to drive the wheels.
Why Buy a Hybrid
Hybrids provide the best of both worlds, teaming an electric motor with a gasoline engine. By combining a relatively small gasoline engine, an electric motor, and a battery pack, hybrids use electric-only propulsion at low speeds on light throttle. Even for higher power demands, where the gas engine kicks in, the electric motor provides assistance and boosts overall efficiency. And thanks to regenerative braking, hybrids are able to recapture energy that would otherwise be lost. This way, most hybrids get excellent gas mileage and are very low on emissions. Whether a mild hybrid, regular hybrid, or plug-in hybrid (where charging is optional), you fill them up with gas at a regular gas station like a conventional car.
What's the difference between a hybrid and a plug-in hybrid
The major difference between a hybrid and a plug-in hybrid is that by regularly charging a PHEV, you'll be getting the most bang for your buck. Both vehicles can be driven just by putting gasoline in the tank. However, if you regularly charge your PHEV, you can reduce your fuel costs considerably by driving in EV mode. That's an important cost savings because most plug-in hybrids cost more than their equivalent hybrid counterparts.
The degree of fuel consumption or vehicle dynamics improvement depend on the level of hybridisation. A hybrid electric vehicle is a mix between a internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and a battery electric vehicle (BEV). The level of energy contained in the battery and the power of the electric machine decide the level (type) of the hybrid electric vehicle.
For a more detailed comparison between hybrid electric vehicle types, read the article Understanding micro, mild, full and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
The ratio between different energy sources and the ratio between different propulsion devices determines the type of hybrid vehicle.
The different types of hybrid vehicles are summarised in the table below.
| Type | Energy source | Propulsion device | Characteristics |
| ICEV | – 100% fuel (petrol/gasoline, diesel) | – 100% internal combustion engine | – Conventional vehicle |
| (Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle) | |||
| MHEV | – 99% fuel (petrol/gasoline, diesel) | – 100% internal combustion engine | – It has the ability to use the battery energy for electrical systems without drawing power from the alternator |
| (micro Hybrid Electric Vehicle) | – 1% electrical energy | – Can modify the charging profile of the low voltage battery (12 V) by increasing the charge rate during vehicle deceleration | |
| MHEV | – 80-90% fuel (petrol/gasoline, diesel) | – 80-90% internal combustion engine | – The electric machine can provide additional torque during vehicle acceleration phases |
| (Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle) | – 10-20% electrical energy | – 10-20% electric motor | – The electric machine can recuperate electrical energy during vehicle deceleration |
| – Has two electrical networks and batteries, a low voltage one (12 V) and a high voltage system (48-150V) | |||
| – Has a DCDC converter to exchage energy between the low voltage and high voltage network | |||
| – Has a high voltage electric machine, usually controlled by a 3-phase inverter | |||
| HEV | – 70-80% fuel (petrol/gasoline, diesel) | – 70-80% internal combustion engine | – Additional to the MHEV characteristics: |
| (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) | – 20-30% electrical energy | – 20-30% electric motor | – The vehicle can drive in EV mode |
| – The high voltage system can go up to 300-400V | |||
| – The high voltage battery has higher energy content | |||
| – The electric machine has higher power output | |||
| PHEV | – 60-70% fuel (petrol/gasoline, diesel) | – 60-70% internal combustion engine | – Additional to the HEV characteristics: |
| (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) | – 30-40% electrical energy | – 30-40% electric motor | – The high voltage battery can be charged from the grid |
| – The vehicle can be driven in EV mode up to 50-60 km | |||
| – The high voltage battery has higher energy content | |||
| – The electric machine has higher power output | |||
| REEV | – 80% electrical energy | – 100% electric machine | – Can be regarded as a series hybrid |
| (Range Extender Electric Vehicle) | – 20% fuel (petrol/gasoline) | – The internal combustion engine is used only as power generator | |
| – Has an additional electrical generator connected to the internal combustion engine | |||
| BEV | – 100% electrical energy | – 100% electric machine(s) | – Full battery electric vehicle |
| (Battery Electric Vehicle) | |||
| FCEV | – 50% battery energy | – 100% electric machine | – Fuel cell is used as an energy converter |
| (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle) | – 50% hydrogen energy | – Uses a hydrogen tank as additional energy source |
Observation: An electric machine can be motor or generator, depending on the driving situation. When the vehicle is accelerated and the electric machine provides torque to the wheel it becomes an electric motor. During vehicle deceleration (braking), the electric machine acts as a generator and converts the kinetic energy of the vehicle in electric energy, charging up the battery.
In a hybrid electric vehicle, the higher the electrical energy and power available, the lower the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. This is possible due to the fact that the electric power can be used for longer periods of time and also at higher vehicle speeds.
A hybrid car combines an internal combustion engine with a battery-powered electric motor, which usually results in improved fuel economy and reduced emissions compared to their non-hybrid counterparts. Hybrids are fueled by gasoline alone and are not rechargeable by plugging in. However, as the vehicle runs, the engine and a regenerative braking system charge a small onboard battery.
While the electric drive can help increase fuel efficiency, especially in stop-and-go city driving, it isn't designed to run the car in an electric-only mode. Using primarily gas, hybrids have driving ranges similar to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Engine – Powers the vehicle when driving at speeds above 15 mph
Electric Motor – Powers the vehicle up to 15 mph, and assists engine when accelerating
Gas Tank – Fueled with gasoline just like a conventional car
Electric Generator – Captures energy from regenerative braking and transfers to battery
Battery – Secondary small 1 kWh battery powers the electric motor
Just some advantages of driving a hybrid car
Fewer emissions
In general, hybrid cars emit less pollution than standard vehicles. For example, in traffic or at a red light the engine automatically switches off, and uses the electric motor to restart or reboot the engine.
Reduced fuel costs
Due to the fact that the electric motor is an additional source of power supporting the combustion engine in a hybrid car, less petrol or diesel is used which in turn cuts down your running costs.
Tax incentives
Depending on where you live, owning a hybrid will most probably mean that you can benefit from government tax incentives and grants aimed at encouraging people to buy more environmentally friendly cars.
Smooth, quiet ride
All hybrids handle just as smoothly as conventional cars, and there is one big added bonus: They are extremely quiet while using the electric motor. And the shift between the two powertrains is so seamless that it is practically inaudible.
Different options to suit you
More interested in fuel efficiency or long range? Depending on your preference, there's an ideal hybrid for you! You can choose a full hybrid that you don't ever need to plug in, or a plug-in hybrid with the added option to charge the battery through an external power source, thus extending its electric range.
Here's how a hybrid works
People often talk about hybrid cars giving you “the best of both worlds”, and that is absolutely true: A hybrid vehicle is able to switch between both powertrains or make them work together to always deliver the solution that powers the car forward with maximum efficiency.
This changes all the time, at different points in the driving process. Let's take a closer look.
When driving off from a stop position
Whenever accelerating from a stationary position, up to a speed of approximately 25 km/h, hybrid cars are powered by the electric motor (which draws on the battery power). This is one reason why hybrids are particularly efficient during city driving.
When driving at moderate speed
Whenever cruising, hybrids are powered mainly by the combustion engine – as this is when it works most efficiently. During this time, the engine can also power the generator, which recuperates electricity used to recharge the battery for later use.
When accelerating strongly
Whenever you have your foot down firmly on the accelerator pedal, both the combustion engine and electric motor work together to increase power to the wheels. This is thanks to the power-split transmission, which combines the torque output of each powertrain at the same time.
When braking or cruising
Whenever you apply the brakes or take your foot off the accelerator pedal, hybrid cars make use of a system called “smart regenerative braking”. So hybrids do two things: they stop feeding power to the wheels, and use the power of the rotating wheels to recuperate energy while slowing down the car. This produces electricity which again is used to recharge the battery for later use.
When coming to a complete stop
Whenever you apply the brakes with the intention of stopping completely, hybrids completely turn off both the combustion engine and electric motor. The battery power is used to keep operating any other vehicle systems you might need (like your radio, or headlights, etc.)
Electric vehicle vs. hybrid vs. plug-in hybrid: Which is right for you
When shopping for an eco-friendly vehicle, choosing the right one often depends on your driving habits and comfort level.
Shoppers looking for a more affordable vehicle with above-average fuel efficiency may find that a regular hybrid fits the bill. You don’t have to charge them up to drive them and the partial use of the electric motors make them environmentally friendlier than a conventional car.
For an increased price, plug-in hybrids offer the most flexibility. You can go gas-free on shorter drives and still fuel up for longer ones.
With zero tailpipe emissions, electric vehicles are certainly the most eco-friendly option. They have higher price tags than conventional and hybrid cars but you’ll most likely save money in the long term.
There are also huge projects underway to increase the number of charging stations across the nation.
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